Part 9
DEATH IN THE GATHAS
The general idea about death in the Zoroastrian religion is
that it is evil and that it has been introduced in the divine cosmos by Anghra
Mainyu, the so-called "Evil Adversary of the Godhead." And so are all
those causes which bring death: disease, destruction, harm, pestilence, and many
more harmful ills which plague the human society and its environment.
This would mean that the Gathas of Zarathushtra, the fountainhead of the divine doctrine, should
be plain and precise on death as an evil product. Let us see if it is so.
The root in Avesta and Sanskrit for death is "mar/mr",
to die. The causative "m�r" means to "kill".
Derivatives include "merethyu/mrtyu", death; "mareta"
and "maretan", mortal and therefore, "man, human
being". The Avestan "mashya", Old Persian "martya",
Sanskrit "martya", Persian "mard" also mean
"mortal" and therefore "man". A point to note for those who
know Persian, "mard" and its derivatives meaning male, manly,
stalwart, generous, etc. are all later and conventional meanings. Another
cognate root is "marech/mrch" to injure, inflict,
destroy. It supplies the abstract "maraka", injury,
destruction. In Pahlavi and Persian "marg" has come to mean
"death". "Mered/mrd" is yet another cognate
root. It means to "crush, pound, ruin".
Incidentally, the Gathas use all the above derivatives. We
find the abstracts "merethyu", death; and
"maraka", destruction; nouns "mareta"
and "mashya", mortals, mankind, human; and verbs "marech",
injure, destroy and "mered", crush, ruin. The words for mankind
are used five times. Good mind (vohu
manah) is asked if it knew "any person who can help mortals". (Song 2.
7 = Yasna 29.7). "Seekers of false gods .... afflicted the human
existence." (S 3.6 =Y 30.6). The
distorters of the doctrine of good life "try to distract mortals from
excellent deeds." (S 5.12 = Y 32.12).
The divine word "is the best to be heard by the mortals." (S
10.5 = Y 45.5). Zarathushtra blesses the person "among men who pleases him
with care." (S 11.13 = Y 46.13). These instances do not shed any light on
death. They simply stand for the physically mortal man with no slighting sense
attached to it. In fact, human being called by any term, stands exalted in the
Sublime Songs.
The verb "marech", which means "to
injure" in Sanskrit, seems to have acquired a stronger notion -- "to
destroy" in Avesta, or perhaps later in Pahlavi. The author is of the
opinion that it means "to
damage, to impair" in the Gathas, but to lessen the chances of an argument,
it is translated here as "to destroy." Here are the quotations:
"Keeping the two principles (of good and evil) in
mind, we shall teach the hitherto unheard words to those who destroy (vi-merechaite)
the righteous world by their wrongful doctrines. No doubt, the two principles
will prove the best to those who are devoted to the Wise One." (S 4.1=Y
31.1). "....
Let not the evil teacher, the wrongful, with his evil choice and
perverted tongue, destroy (mer�nshyat) the life for a second time."
(S 10.1=Y 45.1). "The priests
and princes yoke people under duress to destroy (meregeidyai) life with
their evil actions. ..." (S 11.11=Y46.11).
"Now, Wise One, the person who wants to destroy (merekhshaite)
us, is indifferent to this doctrine. ...." (S 16.10=Y 51.10).
".... With these (wrongful actions), you shall destroy (merengeduye)
your mental life." (S 17.6=Y 53.6). The
Avestan word rendered as "life" in the above passage is "ahu",
which, in the Gathic context, means "existence or life in this world."
Two other derivations "maraka" and "marakh�r" are used only once each. "Therefore, let none of you listen to the messages and teachings of the wrongful, because he brings danger and destruction (maraka) to house, settlement, district, and land. ..." (S 4.18=Y 31.18). "It is because of such power (of wealth) that the destroyers (marakht�ro) of this life wish to gain their spoils in the house of worst mind. .... (S 5.13=Y 32.13).
The Gathic "maraka"
is pronounced "mahrka" in the Later Avesta. It has been used a
number of times. In Yasna 57.25, Sraosha, intuition personified, is asked to
"protect us for our lives, both in physical and mental existences, against
wrongful death, wrongful wrath, against a wrongful army with uplifted bloody
banners ...."
But noteworthy are the two quotations from the Yashts.
Mithra (Mehr), Yazata of Covenant, when offended and not satisfied, declares:
"To whom shall I, in my might, impart disease and death? To whom shall I
impart poverty that brings misery? Of whom shall I at one stroke cut off the
noble progeny?" (Yasht 10.110) Verethraghna
(Bahram), Yazata of Victory, who accompanies Mithra and Rashnu on a warpath
against covenant-breakers, also wants to know: "To whom, in my might, shall
I impart disease and death?" Surprisingly enough, death and disease are
given here, not by the so-called Evil Spirit, but by two major yazatas, both
pre-Zarathushtrian deities, evidently, as a punishment for offenses against
them.
Whatever the case, this is in contrast to the Gathic spirit
of benevolence. Furthermore, contrary to the punishing actions of the two
yazatas, the Vendidad says that death and disease, and other calamities, are
brought by heretics and those who do not practice purification rites (9.47, 51;
20.1,3,6,7,9,10; 21.2), and never by God. In fact, the Vendidad is explicit:
Death is evil and Anghra Mainyu is pouru-mahrka, full-of-death,
the very cause of it.
"Mered", to crush, pound, ruin, occurs
four times in four consecutive stanzas in the Gathas: (1) "The evil teacher
ruins with his teachings the doctrine of the wisdom of life. ...."
(2) "Indeed, he ruins the doctrine who considers it the worst to
look at the world and the sun with plain eyes, who sets the just against the
wrongful, who devastates settlements, and who throws a deadly weapon at the
righteous." (3) "Also
they ruin life who highly regard the wrongful as lords and ladies, rob the
people of their property, and try hard to distract the righteous from their best
mind." (4) ".... They
ruin worldly life in luxury. It is for this reason that the grabbing priests
have chosen the wrong dominion of the wealthy instead of righteousness." (S
5.9-12=Y 32.9-12).
"Merethyu", the only word which truly
means "death" is also used once in the Gathas: "Let ... killing
and wounding be prevented and peace be brought to homes and settlements. Let
affliction be gone. He is the greatest who restrains death (merethyaosh).
And let it be soon!" (S 17.8=Y 53.8).
Here, good control of violence brings about greatest restraint on death
by violence. "Merethyu" occurs thrice in the Later Avesta, all
concerning the legendary Yima Khshaeta (King Jamshid) who prays and consequently
succeeds in removing cold, heat, thirst, hunger, old age, and death from the
living world of fauna and flora during his ideal reign. (Yasna 9.5, Yasht 9.10,
Yashts 15.16, Vendidad 2.5). Here
death, due to old age and other natural causes, obviously means a natural death.
But there remains the question of Gathic dualism.
"Good and Evil" has been discussed in Part 5. For the Gathas, it is an
ethical dualism and the entire problem of good and evil does not exist outside
the human mind and society. But
what about the much-spoken creation of life and death by the so-called two
"spirits"? The Gathic term "mainyu", actually means
"mentality". The
only occurrence in the Gathas states: "When
the two (mentalities, the better and the bad) got together, they created life (gaya)
and "not-living" (ajay�iti). Until the end of existence (ahu),
the worst mind shall be for the wrongful, and the best mind shall be for the
righteous." (S 3.4=Y 30.4). While
"gaya" stands for "life, the vital force", "jy�iti"
and its variants mean "living, way of life, condition of being alive."
(Songs 4.15, 5.5, 5.11-12, 5.15, 6.10, 11.4, 11.8, 17.9 = Yasna 31.15, 32.5,
32.11-12, 32.15, 33.10, 46.4, 46.8, 53.9).
Its negative "ajy�iti" is not "death" but a
"lack of living". In
other words, it means a person who righteously does not live his life on this
good earth. His or hers is a life wasted. That
is what a bad mentality does.
We have given thirteen quotations from the Gathas and all
of them speak of death and destruction through violence by the wrongfully
powerful people-priests, princes, and pillagers. It is the destruction of human
life on this earth by cruelty and brutality. Death as a natural process of human
life is not mentioned. Zarathushtra does pray for a long and happy life, but he
is not interested in a deathless life in this world. He wants strength,
endurance, progress, perfection, immortality, and the final life with Ahura
Mazda in the "House of Song" for himself and for all. But death does
not occur as a disrupter in this course to finality. In fact, natural death does
not hunt and haunt or scare and scar the people of the Avesta, whether they
belong to the Gathic period or not. The life, in the Yasna, Vispered, Yashts,
and other existing parts of the Avesta, with the exception of the Vendidad, a
later priestly addition to Zoroastrian scriptures, is not interrupted by death.
It is the ills of society that challenge the Gathic people
and make them determined to eradicate them all. What they aspire for and
practice is a happy progressive life, both mental and physical or to use the
current terms, spiritual and material, with Ahura Mazda, God Wise, as the final
goal. To them every righteous person is "progressive, eternal,
ever-gaining, and ever-growing .... because he or she lives a life of good
mind." (Haptanghaiti 4).
The Gathic and relevant Avestan texts speak of the soul as
if it were in a living body and not of a departed person. Life is continuity.
Perhaps that is the reason why the ancient Zarathushtrians celebrated their
birthdays but did not mourn the death-days of their dear ones. The birthday of
Zarathushtra is eulogized in the Farvardin Yasht (88-94). His death is not
eulogized at all. The Gathas
recommend one to extol persons during their lifetime and after. (S 16.22 = Y
51.22). The Avesta advises one to
hold a memorial service for a departed person (Yasna 26) and also to
collectively commemorate the dead for their services to the advancement of
righteousness at the end of the year, the origin of the present-day "panjeh",
or "muktad" memorial rites. (Farvardin Yasht).
Yasna 55, a fine eulogy, dedicated to the Gathas, puts it
beautifully: ".... The Gathas
are our guardians and protectors. They are food for our minds, in fact, food and
clothing for our souls. May they be, after the parting of the consciousness (baodhah)
and the body, a good reward, much reward, true reward for the existence
beyond." The parting of consciousness and body is repeated in the same
phrase in the Vendidad. (8.81-96, 9.43). It
is worth noting that instead of "gaya", vital force, or "usht�na",
glowing energy, two Gathic terms for life, or what one would have expected, the
word of "urvan", soul; another Gathic word meaning
"consciousness", awakening, has been used to denote the departure from
the physical form.
The Gathas and the prayerful parts of the Avesta state that
fury (aeshma) is the root of all violence and that violence must
be stopped in all its forms, mental and physical -- attack, assault, injury,
murder, injustice, suppression, subjugation, aggression, and annihilation, and
this includes untimely death. At
the same time, they assert that life does not part with death. It is indeed a
continuity. And death, a natural process, is not evil but is surely a transitory
passage, perhaps in an anesthetic state, to eternity, finality, to both "haurvat�t"
and "ameret�t", wholeness and immortality of soul.
* * * * * *
Click:
Salient Points of the Good Religion (with Zarathushtra's Life Sketch)
Zarathushtra, A Unique Personality (Part 1) Zarathushtra, Early Life (Part 2)
Relatives First (Part 3) Consolidation (Part 4) The Gathas (Part 5)
God in the Gathas (Part 6) Divine Emanations (Part 7) Good and Evil (Part 8)
Death in the Gathas (Part 9) Rituals in the Gathas (Part 10)
Gahanbars
and the Gathas (Part 11) Religion
and Tradition (Part 12)